{"id":62061,"date":"2024-03-17T09:30:25","date_gmt":"2024-03-17T02:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jobsgo.vn\/blog\/?p=62061"},"modified":"2024-09-24T11:19:01","modified_gmt":"2024-09-24T04:19:01","slug":"smart-contract-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jobsgo.vn\/blog\/smart-contract-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Smart Contract L\u00e0 G\u00ec? H\u01a1\u0323p \u0110\u00f4\u0300ng Th\u00f4ng Minh La\u0300 Gi\u0300? Th\u00f4ng Tin M\u01a1\u0301i Nh\u00e2\u0301t 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Smart contract l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/em><\/strong><\/a>? Smart contract hay h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng blockchain. N\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p> Smart contract<\/strong><\/a> (h\u01a1\u0323p \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng th\u00f4ng minh) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng blockchain. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u00ean blockchain v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t smart contract c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, thanh to\u00e1n b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c smart contract \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng blockchain cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, an ninh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi n\u00fat trong m\u1ea1ng. T\u01b0\u0300 \u0111o\u0301 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 gian l\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong ng\u00e0nh an to\u00e0n th\u00f4ng tin<\/strong><\/a>, n\u01a1i b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n Xem th\u00eam:<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u0103m 1997, Nick Szabo gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201csmart contract\u201d trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3, Szabo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 smart contract nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u gian l\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996, \u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a smart contract trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n Nick Szabo kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Bit Gold, m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Bitcoin theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh<\/strong> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cN\u1ebfu\/khi… th\u00ec\u2026\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ng\u00e2n, \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean blockchain.<\/p>\n Sau khi giao d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh blockchain s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean blockchain, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u201cN\u1ebfu\/khi… th\u00ec\u2026\u201d v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 blockchain cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c m\u1eabu, giao di\u1ec7n web v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a smart contract la\u0300 gi\u0300<\/strong>? Trong ph\u00e2\u0300n na\u0300y, chu\u0301ng ta se\u0303 ti\u0300m hi\u00ea\u0309u chi ti\u00ea\u0301t:<\/p>\n Smart contract mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao d\u1ecbch minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady tr\u00ean blockchain. M\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch, \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch, tin c\u1eady trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch, gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n Smart contract th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n giao d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng smart contract c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba can thi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trung gian. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh giao d\u1ecbch c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c smart contract \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng blockchain, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt cao. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Ngoa\u0300i nh\u01b0\u0303ng l\u01a1\u0323i i\u0301ch tr\u00ean, smart contract cu\u0303ng v\u00e2\u0303n t\u00f4\u0300n ta\u0323i m\u00f4\u0323t s\u00f4\u0301 \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m ha\u0323n ch\u00ea\u0301 \u0111o\u0301 la\u0300:<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t khi smart contract \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u00ean blockchain, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra r\u1ee7i ro ho\u1eb7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n Smart contract ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 blockchain \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi blockchain, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng 51% ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra r\u1ee7i ro cho t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a smart contract.<\/p>\n1. Smart Contract L\u00e0 G\u00ec? Ngu\u00f4\u0300n G\u00f4\u0301c Ra \u0110\u01a1\u0300i<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
1.1 Smart Contract (H\u01a1\u0323p \u0110\u00f4\u0300ng Th\u00f4ng Minh) La\u0300 Gi\u0300?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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1.2 Ngu\u00f4\u0300n G\u00f4\u0301c Ra \u0110\u01a1\u0300i Cu\u0309a Smart Contract<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
2. Smart Contract Hoa\u0323t \u0110\u00f4\u0323ng Nh\u01b0 Th\u00ea\u0301 Na\u0300o?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
3. L\u01a1\u0323i I\u0301ch Cu\u0309a Smart Contract<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
3.1 Minh Ba\u0323ch, \u0110\u00f4\u0323 Tin C\u00e2\u0323y Cao<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
3.2 Nhanh, Chi\u0301nh Xa\u0301c<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
3.3 Ti\u00ea\u0301t Ki\u00ea\u0323m<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
3.4 \u0110\u00f4\u0323 Ba\u0309o M\u00e2\u0323t Cao<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
4. Ha\u0323n Ch\u00ea\u0301 Cu\u0309a Smart Contract<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n
4.1 Kho\u0301 S\u01b0\u0309a Ch\u01b0\u0303a<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
4.2 Phu\u0323 Thu\u00f4\u0323c Va\u0300o Va\u0300o C\u00f4ng Ngh\u00ea\u0323 Blockchain<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
4.3 Thi\u00ea\u0301u Pha\u0301p Ly\u0301<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n